Quotations Describing Ralph from “Lord of the Flies” Essay

â€Å"And another thing. We can’t have everybody talking at once. We’ll have to have ‘Hands up’ like at school†¦Then I’ll give them the conch†¦He can hold it when he’s speaking†¦And he won’t be interrupted. Except by me.† (pg. 31) – This quotation proves a lot about Ralph and his character. It proves that Ralph demands a lot from everybody trapped on the island, the demands order and respect for other people. It shows his democratic view upon handling many situations or problems that occur on the island. Ralph is willing to listen to suggestions, ideas, or opinions from everybody trapped on the island as long as they have the conch, Ralph will listen to everyone and respect them as long as they are holding the conch because everyone should respect the fact that the person has the conch which means nobody should be speaking while the conch is not in their hand. This way everyone’s message gets across and Ralph can make a final decision knowing everyone’s input. This makes him fair because he wants to give everyone a chance to speak and is also proves that he is a great leader because everyone listens to him because they respect them. â€Å"This is our island. It’s a good island. Until the grown-ups come to fetch us we’ll have fun.† (pg. 33) – This quotation proves that Ralph is an optimistic leader. Even though it is obvious that everyone trapped on the island is in a difficult situation that might possibly never be solved Ralph still finds a way to stay optimistic. Ralph knows that the situation he faces is tremendously difficult but being pessimistic will not solve anything or improve their chance of being saved, being optimistic definitely improves their chances of being rescued, and optimistic is the only option for Ralph. Being optimistic drastically improves the morale and attitude of the group because everybody listens to Ralph so they will also be optimistic and sooner or later they will be rescued. They just got to make the most of the situation they are being faced with until they are rescued. Ralph feels good about their chances of being rescued off the island and he will never change his mind. â€Å"Ralph, looking with more understanding at Piggy, saw that he was hurt and  crushed. He hovered between the two courses of apology or further insult. ‘Better Piggy than Fatty.'† (pg. 21) – This quotation proves that Ralph is a great person, he is sincere and considerate for other people, and knows when a joke has gone too far. He has realized that Piggy is not appreciating the way the group is treating him so Ralph decides to get involved by telling everyone that they should call Piggy by his name and not by Fatty because that is not the right thing to do. Ralph realizes that he would not like people making fun of him for his appearance so therefore nobody in his group should have to put up with being made fun of. Ralph is a leader that wants to be respected but in order to gain respect you have to give respect and after making this stand he is gaining respect from Piggy and also the rest of the group. Ralph is considerate of everyone and realizes that he has made a mistake and he should be apologizing to Piggy for his dreadful mistake. This proves that Ralph is a unique and understanding leader because if he was an arrogant leader like most of them are he would just do whatever he wants not caring about other peoples feelings, but Ralph obviously is the complete opposite of that. â€Å"He was old enough, twelve years and a few months, to have lost the prominent tummy of childhood; and not yet old enough for adolescence to have made him awkward. You could see now that he might make a boxer, as far as width and heaviness of the shoulders went, but there was a mildness about his mouth and eyes that proclaimed no devil.† (pg. 5) – This quotation reveals a lot about Ralph’s physical characteristics. The quotation proves that Ralph is twelve years and a few months old, he is not an adolescent meaning he still has not hit the awkward stage of his life. He has an athletic built with wide and heavy shoulders but his gentle mouth and eyes give him the nice guy appearance even though he is extremely large. This quotation proves that Ralph seems to be a nice guy who really understands people, he also appears to be a leader who can inflict rules and regulations with no discussion because everybody is probably terrified of him at first sight because he is so well proportioned and this  characteristic allows him to get rules out to everyone and everyone obeys them. â€Å"I agree with Ralph. We’ve got to have rules and obey them. After all, we’re not savages.† (pg. 42) – This quotation proves a lot about Ralph and his leadership abilities. In this situation, Jack is agreeing with Ralph. It is suggested in this quotation that Ralph wants to inflict rules and regulations for the whole group so that the order on the island can be maintained and life on the island can be easier. This obviously shows that Ralph is drastically focused on keeping order on the island because he thinks that this is the first priority in his leadership responsibilities. Jack is agreeing with Ralph proving that other people on the island appreciate what Ralph is doing and his decisions. This is because Ralph listens to everyone’s suggestions and opinions first and than makes the best decision possible for the group and this keeps everyone satisfied. No matter what Ralph decides the group will always support his decisions because all his decisions are always fair and understanding.

David Fletcher Case Study

Case Study: David Fletcher 1. What are David’s greatest strengths as a team leader? Greatest developmental needs? How did these strengths and weaknesses affect David’s ability to build a successful team the first time around? Points for Class Discussion: Greatest Strengths: * David is focused on the objective of the team and he is well aware of the function of the team once assembled. * David is also good in building mutual connection with his team members as exemplified by his â€Å"student-teacher† relationship with Stephanie. Developmental Needs: * David lacks people skills; He should be more critical in identifying and analyzing interpersonal problems within his organization and address these problems promptly. He should realize that collaboration of his team is as important as their individual contribution, if not more. Effects to Team Building: Having a clear objective of what the team is supposed to be doing will help a lot in achieving its goal. This was evident when the team was smoothly running the first couple of months. However, as the team was not built on solid foundation and members are not really compatible working with each other, cracks eventually formed that lead to the downfall of the group. 2. What type of team was David trying to assemble? What type of team do you think would be most appropriate for this specific business environment? David Fletcher was originally trying to build a research team composing of analysts who are experts in certain industries. His preference of having experts for team members came from the need to analyze and sift through huge amount of research data that can assist him in coming up with sound investment decisions. His decision of building a research team to handle the details of his day to day operations would be the most appropriate strategy given his specific business environment. 3. Discuss what you think the biggest problems/obstacles faced by David in the transition to teams. Considering that David’s strengths rely on his ability to focus on what is in front of him and make sense out of the chaos of information that floods his day to day operation, one of his biggest obstacle is his lacks of skill in observing how his team members interact with each other which highlights his ineffectiveness in people management. Additionally, the lack of structure in the way they organized their team is not really helpful in the overall cohesion and synergy of the group although they claim to have only one goal which is to make money for their investors and improve their portfolio. This brings in another obstacle for David as his initial intention for a team loosely rely on the strength of each individual members instead of capitalizing on a harmonious relationship of the group. 4. Assess David’s second attempt to build a team. As David’s original team falls apart, his effort of building another team has the potential to follow the same route and fall into similar obstacles that lead to the downfall of the original team if he doesn’t analyze deeper the circumstances and factors that lead to the failure. Although the potential team members are promising, there is no guarantee of a cohesive team not unless David invests more on his people to build a harmonious relationship between his subordinates. On the other hand, his initiative to persevere even if challenged with the task of starting all over again to rebuild the team is commendable. 5. What advice would you give to Mary Robinson? Points for discussion: Joining a group involves a lot of risks especially if it is a small, closely-knit team since the interactivity between members is relatively high. Although Mary’s initial impression is positive, there is no guarantee that she can effectively work with the members in the long run. Furthermore, focusing on her area of expertise alone does not guarantee her success since David’s team is involved in various industries which may require her to work with other experts of her team. On the other hand, being in a focused and driven team will greatly improve her skills in portfolio management. If she possesses adequate people skills to blend and work with her team members without any complications then joining David’s team may prove to be a great career move for her.

Two Methods of Losing Weight

Two Methods of Losing Weight Teri Holland-Hill Com/155 November 11, 2012 Meghan A. Anderson A high protein diet and exercise vs. Gastric bypass are two different approaches to the same conclusion, one involves major surgery the other a lifestyle change. A newsletter from the Wolfe Clinic stated that by the end of an average lifetime, a person would have consumed between 60,000 and 100,000 pounds of food. It would be good to know, that eating that amount of food is more healthy than not. Maintaining a high protein diet combined with exercise is important to a person’s health. I.Visiting the Doctor First A. Asking the right questions B. Lab Work II. High Protein Diet A. More meat, Less Vegetables and Carbohydrates B. Number of Meals A Day C. When To Eat III. Exercise A. How Many Times a Week B. Exercise Programs Home or Gym IV. Gastric Bypass A. The History of Gastric Bypass B. The Cost Visiting the Doctor Before beginning any diet and exercise program, it is important to see th e doctor, ask questions, and pass a health exam before proceeding. In order to be successful in the execution of a plan, the groundwork must be laid and have a solid foundation.Asking the right questions and formulating a plan or a roadmap is important when beginning to develop a weight loss plan. Not all body types can succeed on the same weight loss plan, some need more diet changes and some need more exercise. Once the doctor has gathered all the information and he has answered all questions, the next step would be lab work. The lab work will make sure there is no underlying condition that may slow things down. High Protein Diet Researchers have stated that high protein diets are the most popular because they do a better job of satisfying hunger than fats and carbohydrates.Participants in a study published by the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition reported higher weight loss when they deleted 20% of the fat from their total calories, 30% protein was increased, and 50% account ed for carbohydrates. That is still a high ratio of carbohydrates but as long as there is an exercise plan to go along with the diet, burning them off should be no problem. Another point to consider is number of meals to consume each day. Eating smaller meals more often may be better for a person’s particular metabolism. Life is fluid.We never know what is going to transpire when we will wake in the morning, so having an adjustable diet plan might be important. Other variables to consider are energy level, stress levels, and getting enough rest. One must maintain a high enough energy level to keep going throughout the day. Managing stress levels and making sure to get enough rest each night will go a long way to helping achieve definite weight loss goals. The key is to make every effort to maintain the diet once it is started, bearing in mind to keep it skewed towards higher levels of protein.Many have asked the question, when is a good time to eat, before exercising or after ? According to experts and researchers in the field, it is advantageous to feed the body before and after exercising, as this is most beneficial in helping to burn more calories. Some people will skip meals because they think they will lose weight faster, but the body goes into a survival mode drawing protein from the muscles, therefore causing loss of muscle mass. With the proper diet and the correct number of meals, the liver and kidneys are where the protein is normally stored.So if the subject is consistently missing meals when exercising, not only are they slowing metabolism but also depriving the body of the fuel it needs to complete the workout, thus sending the body to another source for protein, the muscles. Therefore, loss of muscle mass minus protein equals a slow metabolism, which makes it harder to lose weight. When eating, the meal should not be too heavy while still providing enough energy for the workout. The meal should include complex carbohydrates and a protein. S ome examples of meals are brown rice, which has a nutty flavor, broccoli, and beans are a good source of protein.For snacks, try apples, nuts, bananas, and even a good fiber bar etc. Stay away from processed foods and packaged foods as they have too many chemicals that the body does not need. It can be as simple as eating a hamburger without the bun or baked chicken instead of fried. There is a multitude of sources for protein, it is all about keeping an open mind and trying not to limit them. Exercise A question that seems asked quite often is â€Å"how often should a person exercise? † This all depends on what one wants to accomplish.If a person is looking to build muscle, working out every day is what they will have to commit to or if they just want to get in shape, once every three days for about two months is good. However, if one has never worked out, or it has been years since they have worked out, they need to take things slowly and not rush. Pacing oneself and if the y need to stop or cannot finish the whole workout, that is ok. It is better to be safe than sorry! Exercise Programs: Home or Gym Another question that seems to be on the minds of some is â€Å"where is the best place to exercise? This is a simple answer exercise wherever is the most comfortable surroundings. Whether it is going to a gym or exercising at home, the environment should be conducive to achieving a positive outcome. Gastric Bypass Not everyone can lose weight simply by diet and physical exercise some have to take a more radical approach. One example would be Gastric Bypass surgery. This type of surgery is for morbidly obese people who have tried losing weight on their own but have run into roadblocks or through no fault of their own cannot accomplish their goal.For these people there is a procedure called Gastric Bypass. Although it was first attempted in the 1950s it is only recently, within the last 15 years or so that it has become popular as an extreme measure for w eight loss. As with any surgical procedure, gastric bypass surgery is a serious undertaking that the doctor will approve when all other weight loss attempts have failed. Additionally, gastric bypass should probably only be performed in cases where the person is 100 pounds overweight or more.It is important to make sure that the patient is willing to follow through after the procedure and change their diet and eating habits, as well as getting more exercise. In a recent study of gastric bypass surgeries with a five year follow up, of 88. 6% of patients contacted, 93% of obese or morbidly obese patients and 57% in super obese patients managed to keep the weight off. The average cost of gastric bypass surgery is between $25,000 and $35,000 dollars, with complications in some cases driving the cost even higher.Unfortunately, this is an extreme hardship financially for those without insurance to cover the procedure. Conclusion We have looked at a couple of different methods of weight los s. One involves behavior modification in terms of diet, meal planning, and exercise, the other involves a more radical surgical procedure. Either way the benefits to the patient will be a healthier lifestyle and a longer lifespan. Each patient is an individual and the type of plan that works with one, may not work with another.Flexibility, desire, determination, and responsibility are all important if the patient desires a successful, positive outcome to their weight loss plan.References American Journal of Clinical Nutrition http://ajcn. nutrition. org (n. d. ) retrieved from http://WebMD. com/diet/guide/high-protein-diet-weight-loss Annals of Surgery 2000 April; 231(4)524-528 http://ncbi. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1421028 MacLean, L. MD, FACS, Nohr, C. MD, FACS, Rhodes, B. PDt, MSc (Nutr), FDC Wolfe Clinic (n. d. ) retrieved from http://thewolfeclinic. com

Titanic - The Unsinkable Ship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Titanic - The Unsinkable Ship - Research Paper Example Before going into the details of the famous and tragic Titanic disaster, let’s first plunge into the history of the Titanic ship. Titanic is the ship that grabbed the attention of the whole world, when it was made, and when it sank (Molony). The 1950's version of the Titanic's sinking, "A Night to Remember', and the latest 1997’s version of James Cameron’s Titanic, are the masterpieces that detail the shipwreck. Ambekar (para.1) writes that, â€Å"Titanic was one the greatest ship built in twentieth century.† It was of such great strength that it was believed to be unsinkable. It was the largest ship ever made, â€Å"stretching a sixth of a mile from bow to stern, standing ten stories high from its keel to the top of its four funnels and displacing over 45,000 tons†, writes Barczewski (1). It was an ostentatious and grand ship, known as the British passenger ocean liner, and was owned and driven by White Star Line (Eaton and Haas). Thomas Andrews, t he head of Harland & Wolff design department, was the designer of this 882.5 feet long ship. Commissioned by White Star and built by Harland and Wolff, it was created between 1908 and1909 in Belfast (Ireland), by more than 15,000 Irish shipyard workers. It is said that at that time, every worker was paid nearly $10 per week. Titanic was called unsinkable because of its strong structure. It had double bottom. The hull, whose number was 401, was divided into sixteen waterproof compartments. The structure of the ship was such that it could support the ship to stay floating, even if two of its middle compartments, or four of the front compartments, submerged under water and got flooded. Interior Design Now, let’s talk about the interior decoration of Titanic. Registered in Liverpool and belonging to the Olympic class of the White Star Line, the ship offered a luxurious lifestyle to its passengers, though it was far away from land. It contained all kinds of entertainment facilities, dining halls, pubs, dancing floors, living rooms, and massive kitchens. Equipped with four 400 kilowatt electrical generators, the Titanic ship had a plentiful supply of electricity. The passengers had the facility of separate rooms, and they could use electric heaters and electric lamps. The deck offered all kinds of continental foods, thus increasing the lavishness on the ship. The food was stored and refrigerated properly. Special areas had been dedicated to indoor games. A fully furnished gymnasium was also present in which the passengers could do their daily exercises. Passengers could use lifts for moving inside the ship. There was proper ventilation in the ship, due to which proper airy conditions were maintained. Passengers could use telephones to communicate. Radios were also available

Anycity Ambulance Patient Transfer Service Essay

Anycity Ambulance Patient Transfer Service - Essay Example Basically I have tried to incorporate the different interaction styles, so that the user would have a better way of system manipulation. I have emphasized on the Visible Navigation style in the system. For this task I have used the Standardize Task Sequences to ensure that embedded links are descriptive. Here also a use of the unique and descriptive headings and checkboxes for binary choices, I have also tried to use thumbnails to preview larger images. This also facilitate in the visible navigation. To incorporate the feedback feature I have designed the system in such a way that it offers informative feedback. This feature is implemented through designing and incorporating a dialogues feature to yield closure for the system users. This can be done by permitting easy reversal of actions and by offering the support internal focus of control. I have kept one point in mind during incorporating the feature of the error prevention that I have to reduce short-term memory load from the system user. This point is really supportive to the error prevention. The system help at any point during the use is very essential. For this purpose I have designed the tool tips and a help menu that is useful in case of any ambiguity during the system working. I suggest for the embedding of the information on the system interface. When curser goes to any point on the screen the system has to tell about that particular menu or function. System manual or documentation is really essential for the trouble shooting and error handling. So we have to provide this feature

Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 33

Outline - Essay Example You have probably come across it in your studies or seen it in the media, at one time or another- am talking about the City Lagos Nigeria. B. Adaptation: Most governments would want to develop and grow their cities at some point or another. Learning the best strategy of growing the cities would not only help countries to develop effective cities but also to decentralize power to other areas and to reduce many incidents of corruption that come with centralized systems of governance. C. Credibility: Centralization of power often results into growth of failed and weak states. In such countries, power and wealth is vested among the few individuals and systems, which always fail to serve their intended purpose. Absence of effective and credible governance often leave many states, towns and cities in a sorry and destitute state and the inhabitants are left to languish in poverty. To avoid this scenario, I have gathered adequate information regarding the strategy that the City Lagos Nigeria used to make its sudden paradigm shift that I believe would guide other States at the verge of collapsing. D. Enumerated preview: This research paper provides three main lessons that can be learned by failed states from the turnaround made by the City Lagos Nigeria that would enable them to improve in governance- embrace democracy, embrace diversity, and focus on effective devolution. II. Diversity relates to the differences that exist between people and their demographic surrounding. Cities that are able to utilize diversity creatively and innovatively will be able to navigate through most of the governance challenges (Purcell, 2013, 16). 3. Geographical diversity and spread in terms of settlements also promotes effective governance since the people who posses most of the wealth and authority would be influenced if their neighborhoods were affected by the urban problems. Transition: Embracing democratic governance and diversity can play a great role in promoting growth

Insular Insurance Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Insular Insurance Company - Essay Example The analysis that is presented in this essay reveals that managers of the Insular Insurance Company act as a constant guidance and director for employees in their work activities. It is suggested that this could act as a major hurdle for them as they would not be allowed to work independently at their will. These conditions could create pressure on employees causing organizational stress. It is also seen that Insular Insurance Company has a convention of treating all its employees on the same platform and considering them as members belonging to the same family. The researcher states that it is important for successful manager to reduce stress levels of the work community by allowing employees to work independently towards work objectives and strive towards creating a competitive culture and environment in which employees are recognized as per their merits and performance at the workplace. The essay also analyzes the role of work teams and the importance of distribution the work acti vities among work teams by manager. Manager in here plays the role of motivator, mentor and constant support for members of the team. The researcher then recommends for the Insular Insurance Company that according to the best practices of leadership, it is recommended that the leaders must be chosen from amongst the team members, rather than placed from the top position. To conclude, these recommendations will keep employees motivated and faithful towards the organization and eliminate interpersonal conflicts out of issues.

Alternative strategies for Ducati Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alternative strategies for Ducati - Essay Example Though Ducati products were well accomplished with technical excellence, as Professor Gavetti (2001) points out, the decision of the major shareholders to refocus on products other than motorcycles led way to the turn down of the company. The acquisition of Ducati by Cagiva improved the Ducati’s status in the market but eventually resulted in liquidity crisis which deprived the working capital funding of Ducati. As a result there was much delay in the payment as well as production. Ducati instead of widening its market to the production of variety of other products, it must utilize the technical excellence of its product lines for the manufacture of motor cycles. It must think of bringing up innovativeness in the design of motorcycles to attract and fascinate the customers. Women were found to contribute a major part of the customers for other motorcycle manufacturers like Harley. Hence, Ducati must pay attention to the choices of women and try to retain them as main customers . One of the key reasons for the under utilization of the Ducati’s potential and excellence was the lack of effective management strategies. Effective and well organized managerial strategies are recommendable for the development of any company and its trade. Thus Ducati must be directed by a dynamic and committed management in order to implement effective managerial strategies. The presence of a vibrant manger would eradicate the chaos and internal problems which were found to be significant barriers for the creative decision making. Identifying the real passion of people and implementing those in the production can be highly advantageous for Ducati in drawing the attention of customers and persuading them to buy the products. It is inevitable to focus on creating a good stature in the international market in order to grab the attention of customers because customer satisfaction is the ultimate objective of the modern market. As the competition is rising, Ducati must concent rate on building broader spectrum of customers by conducting effective market researches and thereby upgrading innovativeness in the production processes. According to Gavetti (11), Ducati adopted firm selection procedures and other control measures which resulted in the reduction of the number of suppliers; they hardly had any long term suppliers. Though this enhanced the quality and reliability of their products, it resulted in the increased maintenance costs. It is required to focus on the quality of products and at the same it’s important to maintain adequate number of suppliers. The choices of the sources of suppliers can be increased only by maintaining adequate number of suppliers. It is possible to choose the potential supply at affordable prices through the option of selection from a wide range of suppliers which would assist the company to increase the effectiveness of its operations. To conclude, Ducati should be up-to-date with the varying tastes and preferences o f the consumers and try to bring the identified needs to the product line. The major suggestions are listed below 1. In the given case, exhibit 5 represents that Ducati does not produce cruiser, touring or off-road bikes; instead, they mainly concentrate on bikes over 400 cc. It would only satisfy the interests of youngsters, and the majority public has been ignored. So, it is advisable that Ducati should enter the market of general types of motor cycles also. 2. Similarly, exhibit 8 indicates that sales of super-sport bikes do not show a noticeable upward trend. Hence, it is suggestible to make adequate modifications in this model after surveying consumers’

'Prison works and community sentences are a soft option.' Critically Essay

'Prison works and community sentences are a soft option.' Critically discuss - Essay Example Nevertheless, the public and the government remain divided on the issue of sentencing and punishments. On the one hand, there are people who believe that punishments are not as tough as they should be (Bowditch 2008). They believe that hardened and repeating criminals do not deserve mere slaps in the wrists through community sentences (Powell 1999, p.209). On the other hand, others insist that community sentences and prison works have worthy merits (Gibb 2006). They are cheaper than imprisonment and can be effective punishment alternatives on their own. Community sentences, if properly managed, can do more rehabilitation than custodial sentences (Edwards 2011). This paper explores the issue that asserts that prison works and community sentences are soft options and it also discusses dissent against soft options, especially in an era that demands stiffer penalties. This statement underscores that these soft options are only for minor crimes and not recommended in resolving penology an d social problems. This paper argues prison works and community sentences are soft options, compared to custodial sentences, but they can also be effective in addressing penal issues and decreasing the social concern of recidivism, as long as they are properly and strictly managed and implemented. Community sentences Notions of probation can be traced to local court practices in the early nineteenth century, where young offenders or those guilty with small offences could be discharged or bound if a suitable person offered to take accountability for supervising future conduct (Raynor 2002: 1172). In 1876, the Church of England Temperance Society started to create an active presence in some city police courts to promote moral reform of offenders and to keep them abstained from alcohol (Raynor 2002: 1172). From the 1950s to the 1980s, probation experienced two reformulations and rethinking, with major effects on the questions tackled by probation research (Raynor 2002: 1174). Wilkins ( 1958) and Radzinowicz (1958) asserted that the effects of probation can be located in the â€Å"treatment model,† where for Radzinowicz (1958), probation was â€Å"a form of social service preventing further crime by a readjustment of the culprit† (Raynor 2002: 1174). Wilkins agreed that the treatment model focused more on subsequent behaviour of offenders and not issues of the criminal justice system (Raynor 2002: 1174). As the 1970s ended, the â€Å"treatment model† faced strong criticisms. Empirically, the studies of the effectiveness of penal sanctions of different forms led to negative results and the general finding that â€Å"nothing works† (Raynor 2002: 1175). There were also moral and philosophical arguments against the treatment, such as the objectification and dehumanisation of subjects and resting on the unverified claims of superior professional knowledge† (Raynor 2002: 1175). Community sentences were first enacted by law in 1907 for th e â€Å"probation† of offenders (Ministry of Justice 2008: 1). They departed from the treatment agenda, because they focused on effects of systems, instead of people (Raynor 2002: 1177). During the 1980s, an emphasis on community sentencing emerged as part of crime policymaking (Charman and Savage 1999: 194). Community service and supervision orders took greater priority over prisons as ways of resolving crimes (Charman

Inventory Management System Essay Example for Free

Inventory Management System Essay Government Institutions decided to listen to the people living in North Triangle specifically in Sitio San Roque. Government agency officials handling this matter instructed the leaders of the 14 Organizations to build or create a whereas this can be their source of income in the event that they are going to grantrelocation or In City relocation. The main objective of San Roque Community Council Multi-purpose Cooperative is to provide extra income or even have job opportunity for the members. This is also to promote personal awareness, social development and empowerment of self-reliance that they would be able to provide stability for each family. When San Roque Community Council-North Triangle Alliance started the Multi-purpose Cooperative they had many struggles on how they are going to manage it efficiently and effectively. The main problem here is they are using manual encoding to record their members transactions, monthly report 3 and loans transactions. The reason behind this is many of them don’t have enough knowledge to navigate or use computer as their main tool. As mentioned earlier, they are using manual encoding as the main procedure to record all important details in their everyday activities or transactions. There are advantages and disadvantages on this type of routine, but in regards to positive side, only few can still be used like you will have a hard copy of all data of your members but in 21st century, this is no longer advised. As we all know computer is already a necessity and definitely it will make our work faster and easier. Multi-purpose cooperative composed of two types of business: Credit Cooperative and Consumers Cooperative. Transaction 1. Loans and payments 2. Cash flows (accruals and expenses) 3. Daily/weekly/monthly/ annual reports (incurred interest, profit and loss)updates 4. Membership process Only members of San Roque Community Council-North Triangle Alliance are qualified to become part of San Roque Community Council Multipurpose Cooperative. They should fill out the registration form and submit the necessary 4 equirements for identification. Let the authorize person validate it then after verification, pay the registration fee of 100 pesos. The member should contribute suggested or approved amount as their share or investment for the paid up capital. If the member successfully meet all the requirements needed and finished the registration process that’s the time the member is qualified for cash loan application and other privileges. Loan Process The member can apply for a cash loan b ased on the amount that he or she contributed. It has three (3) types of interests that will be incurred on the particular amount that was approved to release. Member can pay the borrowed money for a month that has 3% interest, for the 2 months installment basis, it has 4% interest, and lastly for 3 month pay it has 6% interest. It depends on the member which type of installment plan they would want to choose. This whole procedure is quite simple but if you look on the specific details it is very sensitive because it talks about money and activities are consist of small detail. 5 Theoretical Framework This project is based in the Framework of (IPO) Input, Process, and Output, this framework is proven many times, the (IPO) Input, Process, and Output is used in the process of inputting a data or information going to the process of manipulating the data and after all the processes it produce an output, relying to the inputs, for example: the input of the steel, aluminum, tires and other things related to the parts of a bicycle it will go to the process of assembling all the parts of the bicycle and soon the output is a new bicycle. The (IPO) Input, Process, and Output are helpful to our study, because the flow of our system rely to the inputs of data’s or information from the members and their needs to the Cooperative. 6 Conceptual Framework Figure 2. Shows the conceptual framework of the proposed system Conceptual Paradigm On the basis of the fore going theories culled from the review of related literature and studies, the researches paradigm that serves as guide to the study is the system’s approach or Input- Process-Output model device by Stoner, Freeman and Gilbert, Jr. 1995). According to this model, a system has flows information, materials, and energy that enter the system from the environment as inputs, undergo transformation processes within the system. And exit the system as outputs. A feedback is installed and is considered as the key to system controls. As information of the system proceeds, information is feedback to the appropriate people and perhaps to a computer, so that the work c an be assessed and if, necessary, corrected. As shown in the paradigm, the input variable includes the registration and consumers of the San Roque Community Council with the respect to the total number of their respective consumers. In the input variable registration, there includes the information of consumers and loan, the reason why loan is at the registration variable, is because of detecting the data about the consumers and total loans that they apply. Another input variable is the consumers, in consumers data there is from the grocery wherein all the data from the grocery are being monitored in the information if who are the members that are active in the grocery in consumers, it includes product and services that are done by the consumers in the grocery. Statement of Objectives The following are the objectives that serve as a guide in the completion of this thesis. Main Objective The Main Objective of this study is to develop a successful LAN based system that can be used by the San Roque Community Council Multi-Purpose Cooperative for their successful Monitoring system: Consumers cooperative Point of Sales (POS) System and Money Lending System. Specific Objectives 8 1. To develop sales monitoring system and money lending system that will utilize all the transactions of the San Roque Community Council Multi-Purpose Cooperative. 2. To design a system that will make the San Roque Community Council Multi-Purpose Cooperative more sufficient in their daily transactions such as: Registration, monitoring and inventory of sales, and cash loan and payment. 3. To evaluate a system that will increase its performance in terms of: a) Speed– all transaction is ease to access and less time consuming. b) Reliability – it is reliable because of its function like updates. c) Accuracy –Calculate the loans for the member, including the interest and penalties if necessary. To input correctly all the data of the member, for their loans, payments and credits. ) Security – A secured files of information of the members and their loans and also backup for necessary. e) Functionality – reliable software for the reports. f) Performance – the transactions such as registration, checking and validating of transactions, updates of weekly, monthly, and annual reports will increase its working performa nce. Scope and Delimitations of the Study Scope 9 1. The system covers daily transactions regarding the membership registration and monitors active and non-active members. 2. It is also intended for the manipulation and security of the loan transactions of the members. Delimitations . This system will not include the impact of organizational commitment on member’s performance. 2. This study is limited only to the output that the respondent from San Roque Community Council Multi-Purpose Cooperative that provide such as data and information that will come from the interview questionnaires distributed, as well as the information from the literatures that will be cited and reviews. Significance of the Study The development of San Roque Community Council Multi-Purpose Cooperative Sales Monitoring and Money Lending System can be linked with many significant results for those who are involved. A. San Roque Community Council Multi-Purpose Cooperative It could provide the Multi-Purpose Cooperative with an easy to maintain and access system. 10 B. Staff This will basically give convenience. It will provide outmost importance to the staffs since it will definitely lessen their workloads by providing them with easier encoding and maintenance procedures. C. Members It will provide secured information of each of the member’s transaction. D. System Developers The study can particularly help the proponents with a way to apply what they have learned in class and be able to extend their knowledge to the real world outside. With this, they can acquire additional insights that would enhance their skills and capabilities, which could be their stepping- stone to attain success in the future. E. Proponents – The study will help the proponents to improve their skills that will help them in the near future. Definition of Terms Cooperative- is an autonomous association of persons who voluntarily cooperate for their mutual social, economic, and cultural benefit. It is owned and managed by the people who use its services. Co-Maker Person  who, with other individual(s),  guarantees  a  financial commitment  (such as repayment of a  loan). He or she is  jointly and 11 severally liable, with other signatories (co-maker), for honoring the commitment in full. It is also called as co-guarantor. Local Area Network (LAN) – is a computer network that spans a relatively small area. Money Lending the act or occupation of lending  money  at interest Monitoring generally means to be aware of the state of a system. Point of Sale – is the physical location at which goods are sold to customers. It is more specific than the general building or store where something is sold, typically indicating the piece of technology which is used to finalize the transaction. Relocation is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another by state policy or international authority, most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion. Savings – the portion of disposable income not spent on consumption of consumer goods but accumulated or invested directly in capital. 12 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Introduction This chapter presents the different review of related literature and studies that the proponents used as a tool for them to fully understand the study. Foreign and Local Literature Foreign Literature Local Area Network Connection Local Area Network (LAN) consists of two or more personal computers or workstations, usually in a common office area, physically linked together by a common file server, (W. J. Kerr, 2009). Advantages and Disadvantages of Loan System Advantages Below are the advantages of getting a loan. These are also the reasons why many apply for it: 1. There is a loan for just about anything. If you are in need of money to purchase a house, you can apply for a housing loan. If you need a car, you can apply for a car loan. With all the loans available, you will be able to purchase everything you 13 eed. 2. It helps a person afford an expensive purchase. All of us wish to acquire a property. However, we do not have the amount of money to make the purchase. Loans allow us to do this. They lend us the money so that we can finally afford our desired property. 3. Payment is staggered, which makes it affordable. This enables the person to pay off the loan gradually. If a person has chosen a good deal, h e should be able to finish paying off the loan in the time specified. 4. One gets the funding he needs. If a person wants to start a business, he can do so by applying for a business loan. He does not have to wait for his savings to build up before he can start his own business. They can also use the amount they loan for investment purposes. Getting a loan is very helpful to start building your dream. However, you have to be very careful with your decisions. This is because of the problems you will possibly encounter if you mismanage your loans and other debts. If you have multiple loans, make sure to manage it well. Make sure that you manage your loans from the start. Keep in mind that loans have disadvantages too. Disadvantages Here are some of the disadvantages of having loans: 1. It is a long-term debt. This means that you have to deal with it for a 14 specified period, which means that you have to commit yourself to making monthly payments specified in your agreement for the period indicated to repay the loans. 2. If you miss payments, you will face serious consequences. You can face foreclosure or repossession of the property. â€Å"Manifesto for agile software development† Scott M. Lewandowski (March 2009) Monitoring Monitoring plays a vital role in determining sustainable information gathered, the developments, and strategy for the efficient overall management of the resource. Particularly, monitoring refers to examining business process and supervising transaction events inside a company. The main goal of doing this monitoring is to be able to prevent the system from being unavailable to the users and to quickly resolve problems as they arise. (Winberg, 2007). Local literature Computerized System to Business Technology plays a vital role in the business world. It provides the tools and functions on which almost all companies throughout the world run. With the advent of new technologies, the common use of computers and the boom of 15 he internet, practically all business activities use some form of technology. It can be said that without technology, many businesses would no longer be able to function. (Robinson, 2011) Visual Basic. NET â€Å"Visual Basic is not only a programming language, but it also has a complete graphical development environment. It has the ability to develop programs that can be used as a front end application to a database system, a nd serving as the user and displays formatted output in an attractive format†. (Wircken, 2008) All of . NET is truly revolutionary and gives programmers a much more capable, efficient and flexible way to write computer software. Visual Basic. NET is a key part of this revolution. (Mabbut, 2010) Microsoft SQL Server 2005 SQL Server 2005 has ability to partition tables and indexes have always been a design to improve performance and manageability in larger database. Microsoft SQL Server 2005 has adopted the database programming model hosting by the Microsoft. NET Framework 2. 0 Common Language Runtime (CLR). Net. CLR hosted inside SQL Server to improve performance, security, and reliability. (Sturo, 2007) Foreign and Local Studies 16 Foreign Studies Computers contribute to the productivity and efficiency to its user because it can run program that can surpass a manual system of operation. They also stated that computer are now playing big role not only in the office of big business enterprises but firms of smaller scale have already adopted to the modern changers there machine bring about. (Alberto et. Al, 2008) Computerization of business transaction is prevalent around the world. It has proven that is better to use than the manual system in improving routines and better turnaround of the method of processing transactions. The larger a business company becomes, the more it deals with many responsibilities and work that their employees could not entertain or serve properly the client. Using the manual system because time consuming, less efficiency to both management staff and client. (Cardinezet. Al, 2007) Barcode Scanner A barcode scanner is simply a graphical representation of data (numbers and or letters) the width of the black lines and white spacing is intentionally produced to represent the underlying data, (Wickes, 2009). Local Studies Monitoring System 17 Monitoring is important to production, by increasing individual performance and providing security for the company’s personal record. Monitoring is one of the major components of the company that it serves as a tool for controllership. It is therefore essential that we must know the meaning of monitoring, (R. Dela Cruz and A. M. Sia, 2010). â€Å"Computerized monitoring system is feasible in preparing fast speed and accurate in generating reports. It is economically feasible; that in a certain time, development cost will be outdone bythe profit that will derive from its application†, (A. Yu and Hojilla 2010). Computer Networks A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of computers and devices connected by communication channels that facilitates communications among users and allows users to share resources with otherusers. A computer networks allows sharing or resources and information among devices connected to the network. Computer networks can be used for several purposes: facilitating communications, sharing hardware, sharing files, data and sharing software (J. Wales, 2010). Network Based Application Application in which either the program you are using or the data you are working with or both reside on a network. Network applications use a client-server architecture, where the client and server are programmed to provide some 18 service to the client. The client is typically a desktop, laptop or portable device like on Apple iPhone. The server can be any of these, but is typically a computer in a data center (L. Press, 2009). Synthesis As the researchers studied the past researches and studies, they found some information that will help in developing their study. According to

Beer Brewery Company In Canada Marketing Essay

Beer Brewery Company In Canada Marketing Essay Molson is a successful beer brewery company in Canada. It was found in 1786, which made it the second oldest Company in Canada so far. Molson Company is recognized as the most preferred beer brand in Canada and it also possess the fourth largest market share in global beer industry. Molson Company faces a challenge in 2007 due to its unsuccessful marketing strategy. The campaign intended to engage with the target market of age 19 -24 through social media. This campaign held a contest, Cold Shot, which encouraged students to compete with other college students by posting as many pictures as possible. This contest ended up creating unexpected negative publicity against the Molson Campaign. Many students and administrators complained about the harm of reputation brought by this contest. As a result, Molson Campaign had to pull the promotion under the public opinion. There are three alternatives that allow Molson Company to engage with the target market. The first alternative is Microblogging, which encourages students to update their status through social network while they are drinking. Molsons drinkers could also follow up the latest Molsons events on site. The second alternative is to build a Molson Educational Center to promote legal drinking message for students and young adults. Young adults are invited to visit the educational center to explore more about Molsons history and experience different fun activities in the center. The last alternative and also the recommendation for Molson campaign is to create Molson Apps that educates students to avoid overconsumption of alcohol through playing the information games. Students could win different valuable awards by playing it. As more games are played by students, the more awards they can get. This does not only enhances Molsons relationship with target audience but also successfully promotes the correct drinking behavior they should have toward their future drinking. Identification of the Problem Molson Company, currently, is facing a challenge in reestablishing its brand as a brand that promotes and encourages responsible alcohol consumption. Molsons problem is to determine if it should continue to use the social media sites for future promotions in marketing its brand. Due to the previous failure in social media marketing, Molson Company has caused various universities colleges to worry about the academic achievements of students. The irresponsiveness of the Molson Company supporting outrageous alcohol consumptions towards students has discouraged them on their studies. In addition, as the Molsons campaign Cold Shot of posting party pictures of students in campus to gain the title of number one party school in Canada encourages foolish behaviors and underage drinking. As a result, universities and colleges are concern about how Molsons activities have neglected the institutions reputations/ images and its student bodies. Situation Analysis Internal Factors: Strengths: Molson is consider as the most preferred brand with a huge percentage of the market share in Canada of 41%, as well as, in the world market around the globe with 3.8%. Due to the development of social media marketing, Molson has started begin involved in social media platform such as Facebook with by approximately 19,000 followers who are interested in Molson. Besides Facebook, the company also manages a variety of social media like Twitter, Flickr, and Youtube. While selling its products to the public, the company has tried their best to be responsible for its commitment for alcohol responsibility as well. Weaknesses: For now, the company is on a huge blame due to an improper promotion activity, Cold Shot. By targeting college and university students, the marketing strategy was issued due to its direction of morality and ethics in encouraging irresponsible drinking and behaviors. Its unsuccessful campaign had harmed the brand image and received negative perception by adults including professors, administrators, as well as, those who have a negative feeling for the company and beer. External environments Political Environment All the provinces in Canada have their different laws and rules for alcohol regulation as well as advertisement of alcohol. It should be specified that advertising must not be related to the consumption of alcohol and should not imply alcoholic consumptions can enhances social acceptance, personal success, and enjoyment of any activity or will resolve the personal problem (Canadian Center of Substance Abuse). If the company wants to maximize the effect of its advertising, it has to be more sensitive not to make ethic and moral issues like it did previously with the Cold Shots campaign with colleges and universities. Social Environment Currently, the social responsibility has been stressed for beer companies so that all the beer companies are presenting its social responsibilities to avoid the blames form the public and society. Molson is providing the responsibility section when its visitors come to approach its official website. Among what the company puts on the section as all kinds of responsibilities, they also offer Governance and Ethics and Alcohol Responsibility on What Matter to Us sections (Molson Coors). Especially on Alcohol Responsibility, they have Global Alcohol Policy and Our Views for better understanding for consumers. Besides, the website provides the company policies, case studies as well as the full details retrieved from the Global Actions on Harmful Drinking website (Molson Coors official website). Competitive Environment Molson is an influential competitor among powerful competitors in the beer market, the moral and ethic issues of the company can be critical. Actually the current flow of the beer market in terms of volume consume, A- B InBev maintained top volume share with 18.3% in 2011. Among the top competitors there are: SAB Miller with 9.8% Heineken with 8.7% Carlsberg with 5.6% China Resource Enterprise with 5.4% Tsingtao Brewery with 3.6% Grupo Modelo with 2.9% Beijing Yanjing Brewery with 2.9% Molson Coors with 2.9% Molson maintained its percentages since 2010; however, it lost its 8th position to Beijing Yanjing, and now Kirin Holdings is a threat to Molson in terms of volume share. (Passport GMID) SWOT Matrix Strength Canadas most preferred brand with 41% market share Rank 4 in the world holding 3.8% market share worldwide Had 19,000 members on its Facebook profile Engaged with social medias like Twitter, Facebookà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and more. Molsons acknowledges as a firm commitment to alcohol responsibility (Molson, 2009) Opportunities Average users of Facebook are fairly young, usually between the ages of 18-21, who are interactive with friends in open and trusted setting social networking sites Social network users likes to interact with their favorite brands profile Social network sites allow fast and effortless spread of message that includes viral marketing campaign. (Word of Mouth) Weakness The failure of the Cold Shots Facebook promotion gave Molson Company a bad reputation since it encourages irresponsible behavior and underage drinking. Threats Limited control on social media sites since it is open for public to posts and comments about a firm or its product Social media sites allow mashups which lead to issues of control and ownership on contents. Organization Objectives To reestablish its brand as a company that cares about social responsibilities rather than a company who only tries to sell alcohol for money. To promote and encourage responsible alcohol with the use of social media.   Analysis of Alternative Before going on to the alternatives, Molson will run year round campaign call a volunteer days. The volunteer day hosted by Molson Company is on monthly basis. The campaign is to encourage those who are brand loyal to participate in local community and help out local rehab centers. Molson believe that engaging brand loyal consumers to local alcoholic rehab center allows them to understand the flaws of irresponsible drinking can cause. Whoever participates might have a chance to win free sport event tickets in a random. The reason we want to launch this campaign with the alternatives is to continue the firms goal of being socially responsible to its community and re-established its brand reputation. Alternative #1: Microblogging about drinking at events The first alternative is Microblogging about drinking Molson Canadian at events. The microblog is a year round blogging site. Applicants must register and create an account before they can blog on it. Site filtrations with questions will be add-on through the registration process to eliminate unlawful age drinkers to view the site. Molson Canadian will be posting dates of various sponsor events on this site to allow audience to visit the events. The microblogging encourage him or her to blog about the current events that is happening and the location theyre at and what they are drinking. Through this site the participant can also access and update their status on Facebook or Twitter through this site. This allows the friends of the Molson drinkers to follow up with Molson Company. On top of posting statuses, Molson Canadian also encourage Molson drinkers to post cool stories of their fun night out. Monthly draws of the best pick funny stories is able to win cash prize, Molsons wearable product, and sport tickets. Alternative #2: Building a Molson Educational Center. Another alternative is to build a Molson Educational Center. The center is similar to a museum. It will include: A small replica of the brewing plant to show the brewing process of the prefer beer in Canada Beer tasting only for 19+ A history lesson of Molson Company Theater to play short movies/videos of responsible and irresponsible drinking scenarios A talk show to educated audiences in responsible drinkers from personnel in local alcoholic rehab centers. Fun activities of experiencing ride check, breathalyser, foggy goggles with affiliated personnel from the local police station Workshop to create customized beer bottle to bring home. Gift store to purchase Molsons items, mugs, hats, t-shirts, and more. To promote and encourage legal drinking message, the education center is only available to 19+ of aged universities and colleges students/drinkers and adult tourists. Illegal entries of 18 and under are not permitted. Securities will be standing at the front door to check IDs before entries. Even though this is a great idea but the cost of this will be too large for the company to handle. Alternative #3: Molson Application The third alternative, Molson Canadian decided to create a mobile application that is designed to store social media platforms, games applications, with features of educational alcohol consumption facts. The mobile application is able to update automatically to gives consumers the latest information in online communities, events, games, and educational facts. The application is personalized, where participants can create their own avatar, set up their choice of background, and more. Molson want to give participants a sense of ownership within carefully defined parameters to customize the App. The application is divided in three sections Games: The main objectives for all Molson games are (1) to not over doze in alcohol and (2) to maintain good behaviour. Coins can be collected throughout the games and after winning the game. Collecting coins can trade real items like Molsons mugs, hats, t-shirts, customized beer bottle of users choice, movie tickets, or even Ipad. If player loses, the game will end with an alcohol consumption fact to educate players Videos: Molson will display educational videos like fun facts of alcohol consumptions, possible causes of irresponsible drinking, Molson events, drinkers talk from rehab centers to educated consumers. Social media platform The Molson application will also be interlinking with the social media platform like Facebook and Twitter to generate interaction between the brand and the target audience. Through the application, Molson wants to drive in more traffic to the fan pages and ensures that there is a continuous interaction in current events, campaigns and discussions. But for sure, applications and fan pages will be evaluated on the basis of what kind of community is being created or whether the community would fit within company and societys expectations. Recommendation Molson Company should continue to benefit from the numerous opportunities to market their products, no matter if its using social media platforms, or more. After much consideration, alternative #3 is believed to be the best one. Picking this option allows Molson Company to closes the gap between fun and education in a way it benefits both. The application is one of the most complete mobile sources for consumers. With the understanding of young people are closely attached with their mobile nowadays, Molson wants to create an application that allows audiences to access it all time. With just a touch of a button, people are able to connect to games, social media sites and informational facts of alcohol consumption. Through this application, Molson Company wants to attach various messages to the target audiences and promote and encourage target audiences to generate a responsible drinking habit with educational facts. In addition, the alternative can also create awareness for Molson prim arily through social media platforms, with the application and some traditional media directing consumers to Molsons Facebook site to generate more traffic. Maybe future promotional campaign can become viral through the fast and effortless spread of messages. Unlike before, every activity and promotion that is engaged by Molson will be carefully evaluated on the basis of what kind of community is being created. Promotions or contents that even hint at improper or excessive of behavior or use of products, Molson will eliminated it. Molson Coors Brewing Company. (2009, October 24). Corporate responsibility overview Retrieved October 24, 2009 from http://www.molsoncoors.com/responsibility/great-brands-the-right-way

Mass Media Is Always A Powerful Tool Media Essay

Mass Media Is Always A Powerful Tool Media Essay Introduction From the past until today, mass media is always a powerful tool and having a big influence among the peoples. No one can assert that mass media was bring zero effect to the peoples. On the 18th century, the first theory about mass media theory was being introduced. The theory is about how strong the media can directly influence the people perception and action. Over the years, there are many theories are being introduced. Mass media theories are commonly used at the age of propaganda and one of the most successful propaganda is Nazis propaganda during World War 1. Propaganda is to influence public opinion through the use of media. Nazi Propaganda was generated in many different forms of media such as radio, cinema, speeches, visuals, events, brochures and etc. Besides that, there are also many famous mass media theory being introduced like magic bullet theory, freudianism, behaviorism and etc. There are a lot of arguments about the mass media theories from the past until today. Some philosopher disputes that media are bringing negative influence to the public, and they claim that media should be under control. However, there are also some theories explain that it brings positive effect such as libertarianism theory says that people are good and rational. So that, they support the media should have the freedom to report on everything and let the public to judge by themselves. Although there many debates about the usage of mass media, but no one can deny or underestimate the power of mass media. Mass media play as an important tool in nowadays, and there are no advanced countries banned the media. In fact, this means that every advanced country also rely on the media to communicate with their citizen. Media work as a tools for government to spread the news and promote their latest policy to the public. The mainstream media in Malaysia has always been perceived as an important agent of change for most of the governments policies. The mainstream media are newspaper, television station and radio station. The mainstream media are used to encourage the acceptance of the concept by the citizens of Malaysia. On 16 September 2010, Malaysia Deputy Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak was introducing 1Malaysia concept to all corners of the nation. The concept is about the culture of excellence, perseverance, acceptance, education, integrity, meritocracy, humility and loyalty. One of the main objectives of this concept is unity and integration. 1Malaysia aims to improve the relations among Malaysians, regardless of racial, religious or cultural backgrounds. As we know, Malaysia is a multi-racial country and the three main races of Malaysia are Malay, Chinese and Indian. Besides that, Malaysia also forms by several minority races such as Baba-Nyonya, Kadazan, Ibans, Eurasian, Orang Asli and etc. The concept of 1Malaysia is to achieve all races living together hand-in-hand in harmony. In addition, 1Malaysia is also the concept to achieve the goal of Vision 2020 which introduced by Malaysia 4th prime minister Tun Dr. Mahathir Bin Mohammad. Vision 2020 is about evolution Malaysia to a fully develop country in the year 2020. 1Malaysia concept aims to strengthen unity, rejuvenate the spirit of unity and camaraderie among people of Malaysia. Najib said the concept would be implemented in an organized and systematic manner to ensure that no community was isolated from development of and kind. He said the concept was shored up by two main principles, which were mutual respect for one another and trust in one another. When we have respect for one another, it means we have the open attitude of appreciating the concept of unity in diversity. The trust for one another will not come about all of a sudden. It has to be developed in an organized and determined way. he said. To achieve development for the country, the people must have a positive attitude of acceptance among the different races that will lead to unity. In short, the concept is to improve race relations in Malaysia and the mainstream media play as a key in order to achieve the goals. Propaganda Propaganda aimed to influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position by presenting only one side of an argument. Propaganda is usually repeated and dispersed over a wide variety of media in order to create the chosen result in audience attitudes. The desired result is a change of the attitude toward the subject in the target audience to further a political or religious agenda. Moreover, propaganda also can be used as a form of political warfare. One of the most successful propaganda is Nazis propaganda during World War 1. The propaganda being use after Hitler took power in 1933 Richard Alan Nelson define that propaganda is a systematic form of purposeful persuasion that attempts to influence the emotion, attides, opinions, and actions of specified target audiences for ideological, political or commercial purposes through the controlled transmission of one-sided message via mass and direct media channels. A propaganda organization employs propagandists who engage in propagandism applied creation and distribution of such forms of persuasion. By focusing on the 1Malaysia concept, the theory was been used commonly in Malaysia. The people can always get in touch with 1Malaysia concept in Malaysia. The government is always propagandizing the 1Malaysia concept to Malaysians. Common media for transmitting propaganda messages include news reports, government reports, historical revision, books, movies, radio, television, posters and etc. For example, we can always see the poster that Najib with the 1Malaysia significant pose and the significant pose was been recognized by the Malaysians. Other than that, Malaysian also can find out 1Malaysias logo everywhere. Moreover, 1Malaysia is also come out with a theme song, and the lyric is kita satu bangsa, satu negara, kita satu Malaysia and it means we are one nation, one country and one Malaysia. This all action is also trying to influence the public opinion through the use of media. They want people to remember the 1Malaysia concept and they remind people every day and want people to change their attitudes. Political Economy Theory Political economy theorists study elite control of economic institutions, such as banks and stock markets, and then try to show how this control affects many others social institutions, including the mass media. Political economy is the interplay between economics, law and politics and how institutions develop in different social and economic systems. It also says that to understand the media, ones must look at the whole picture which includes the ownership of media and the control group of media. In Malaysia, the elite will be the government and most of the mainstream media are privatization but all the media are related to the government and political party. In fact, Fleet Holding, a company which is under the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) has the 80% share of the News Straits Times Press and majority share in Utusan Melayu Press. These two presses are also producing the newspapers which have the largest readership in Malaysia. Moreover, the company also owns the share of 40% of Malaysia television station, TV3. In the other hand, Huaren holding Sdn. Bhd which link to Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) have the share 58% of the other Malaysia English paper, TheStar Newspaper. From this we can found out that the Malaysia mainstream media have a close relationship with the political parties. It was easy to reach a large audience by promoting 1Malaysia concept. The government or political party can show the benefits of the concept bring at the newspaper. People are more tend to believe what the newspapers carry. For example, 175 1Malaysia clinics by year end are reported on the TheStar newspaper on September 15, 2012. In fact, when the newspapers always carry the positive news of 1Malaysia concept, it helps to gain supports from Malaysia citizens. Authoritarianism Authoritarian theory describe that all forms of communications are fully under the control of the government. Authoritarians are necessary to control the media to protect and prevent the people from the national threats through any form communication. As we know, Malaysia is an authoritarian country and all the media are fully control by the government. Basically, the government has all rights to permit any media and control it by providing license. If any media violate the government policies against license, then the authority has all right to cancel the license and revoke it. In fact, Malaysia also comes out with a law which is Printing Presses and Publication Act 1984. This is use to control the usage of printing presses in Malaysia. Under the law, all printing presses require a license granted by the Home Affair Minister and require to renewing the license. Besides that, Malaysia government also makes certain censorship. Censorship is a suppression of any communication which may consider as harmful to the people, king, government and the country. The censorship helps to protect the rulers and authorities from sensitive issues. It used to protect the government to avoid been criticize by the media. The government has all right to restrict any sensitive issues from press to maintain peace and security in the nation. This was a powerful ability for the government and it helps to promote the 1Malaysia concept. Agenda Setting Theory The idea of agenda setting began in 1922 with Walter Lippmanns Public Opinion book. The originally suggested that the media sets the public agenda, in the sense that they may not exactly tell you what to think, but they may tell you what to think about. The three consequences of agenda setting effects are forming opinions, priming opinions through an emphasis on particular issues and shaping an opinion through an emphasis on particular attributes. First, it studied by the researchers, media use issues to influence the people what people should think about. And then media focus on the characters of issues how people should think about. The agenda setting theory are commonly used by the politician. The gatekeeper plays as an important role in this theory and usually the media is the one who play as a gatekeeper. Gatekeeper controls over the selection of content discussed in the media. The media only show you what they comprehend as an important issue. Due to the Malaysia was an authoritarian country and the media are fully control by the government, the government can use the media to publicize the 1Malaysia concept. When the media publicize the 1Malaysia concept and it will become agenda setting theory. The media will indirectly tell the public what they have to discuss and what they have to focus. When the issue becomes a discussion among the Malaysians, it will strengthen the acceptance of the concept by the citizens. Marxist Theory Central to Marxist theory is an explanation of social change in terms of economic factors, according to which the means of production provide the economic base which influences or determines the political and ideological superstructure. Marxism encompasses an economic theory, a sociological theory, a philosophical method and a revolutionary view of social change. Marx argued that the hierarchical class system was at the root of all social problems and must be ended by a revolution of the workers. He believed that elites dominated society primarily through their direct control over the means of production, the base, or substructure, of society. But elites also maintained themselves in power through their control over culture. The inequalities between social classes are still happening in today society. For example, the riots happened in Malaysia on 13 May 1969 was an important incident in Malaysia history. The incident make the government emphasizes on the economy balance between the races and it come out with a policy which is New Economic Policy. Although this incident happen many years ago, but the problem of social classes are still remain in Malaysia today. The government member and royal family of Malaysia are call as the aristocrat in Marxist theory. In order for the government to maintain their status quo, the elite own the capitalism with their base. For example, Malaysias second privatize TV station Metrovision, the four share holder company was closely related to UMNO. The companies are City television Sdn.Bhd, Melewar Corporation, Utusan Melayu and Medanmas Sdn. Bhd. 1Malaysia concept aims to improve the citizens living standard to escape from poverty. In fact, the government is the one who control of the superstructure which are the media. 1Malaysia concept is also helps the government to maintain their status and their power. The government wants to maintain their status and also achieve the peaceful among citizen or bourgeoisie and proletariat in Marxist theory. 1 Malaysia concept is the best way to achieve the goal for the benefit of country or benefit of the elite through the ownership of mainstream media and control of the message production-ideology. Conclusion In conclusion, the media was always a powerful tool from past to now. In 21th century, media are becoming more powerful in this digital era, because people nowadays cant avoid getting in touch with media. Media was able to directly and also indirectly influence the people. So, the government should always use the media in a correct way. In fact, the mainstream media in Malaysia has always been perceived as an important agent of change for most of the governments policies. Malaysia government was able to make full use of the media and skillfully use the media to promote the 1Malaysia concept. In short, government make good use of media is one of the key to lead our country evolve to an advanced country to achieve the vision 2020 and also the 1Malaysia concept.

Having a Career in Fashion Design Essay -- Fashion Employment Educatio

Having a Career in Fashion Design The fashion design career, has recently emerged as one of the most popular and competitive among young people. Those who actually succeed in design have a very individualistic personal style and don’t follow trends set by others. Having fashion design as your profession sometimes allows you to meet glamorous people. It can also put you in charge of what is in and out when it comes to clothing through ramp shows and fashion write-ups. Most designers have a great social status, and are accepted by everyone. However, There are many aspects which may or may not help you choose it as your career. Many talented individuals are attracted to careers as designers. Those with little or no education, as well as those who lack perseverance, will find it difficult to establish and maintain a career in fashion design. There were over 16,000 people employed in this field in 2003 and demand will stay strong for designers because of our consumer culture is always wanting new styles and fashions. The employment is expected to grow fast through the year 2010 and some designers will need to be replaced as they retire, leaving more jobs available. Although, these jobs are only available in large cities such as New York or Los Angeles. Fashion designers don’t work on commission so they do earn wages. The pay is great even for beginner designers. Most beginning designers earn as much as twenty-four thousand dollars annually and upper level designers earn as much as one hundred-five thousand dollars annually. The hourly wages for a beginner is twenty dollars and ninety-five cents while more experienced designers earn as much as fifty dollars or more per hour. Fashion designers may have to keep irregular hours to meet deadlines production deadlines for fashion shows. They may have to travel over seas to productions sites or for showings and conferences or even material shopping. Designers under incorporations normally negotiate their benefits and normally receive full benefits of paid vacations, group insurance plans, and sometimes sick days or break days. It all dep ends on your employer. As for those who are self-employed benefits may depend on themselves. If they set up a health plan for them selves the y may only pay a partial amount on their expenses. Although, they will be able to take time off, but it won’t a paid vacation ... ...ando florida. When wanting to become a fashion designer you must also acquire a licence which you may receive from your school as you graduate. â€Å" You should intern at fashion companies during college. You may have to do administrative stuff, but you’ll be around creative and important people.† (Baron, pg. 73) After college, you may still have your internships but, you may want to fully establish your career. Future designers may find jobs through their training facility job placement offices. Experienced designers are able to locate jobs through other people in the industry, personal affiliations, or advertisements in trade journals or newspapers. Direct application to employers remains the most effective. You can also look for jobs online. The fashion design industry is very large and you must work hard to join those whom re part of it. Its not just about the pay or benefits that draw most people to this career. It’s the liberal feeling of creating new things and making creative, new looks. Its about self expression and freedom to share an opinion on what you think is cool. Some like it, and others don’t, because of everything it stands for or what they would have to do.

Mathematics Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Mathematics In an attempt to express certain basic concepts of mathematics precisely, one should consider a handful of different accepted and developed conceptions. Pythagoras, in the Fifth Century B.C., believed that the ultimate elements of reality were numbers; therefore the explanation for the existence of any object could only be explained in number. Gottlob Frege stated, in an idea referred to as logicism, that mathematics could in some sense be reduced to logic. The views of Plato state that we "know" these rules of mathematics at the intuitive level rather than the conscious level. Plato also believed that these forms existed previously in their perfect forms; humans know them in their imperfect forms through concept and imagination. Humans did not invent mathematics, but rediscovered these transcendent but real forms. Almost a century ago, Bertrand Russell wrote in The Problems of Philosophy that "philosophy should not be studied 'for the sake of definite answers to its questions, since no definite answers can, as a rule, be known to be true.'" For the problems mentioned here, however, it seems possible to give and justify answers. Certainly the effort should be made. Perhaps, through Pythagorean ideas, logicism and Platonism, a firmer understanding can be known of the grasp that mathematics has on the world. Due to the secrecy of the society in which Pythagoras, it is difficult to distinguish between any original works of Pythagoras from those of his followers. However, it is not the author that is important, but rather the notions presented. According to the view of the Pythagoreans that "all is number," the first four numbers have a special significance in that their sum accounts for all possible... ...l proofs for someone who accepts the axioms from which they begin." Those axioms are continually being challenged, but if they are to be justified, it shall not be within the context of mathematical activities. Now we must turn to the philosophy of mathematics, "to the great debates between the formalists, the intuitionists, and the Platonists." These debates cannot be settled by mathematical proofs, however. The certainty of mathematics is merely conditional; it rests upon assumptions that cannot be proven within mathematics, but only within the philosophy of mathematics. Exactly the same problem applies with respect to the primary problems of philosophy. We can easily give practical arguments that seem very convincing, but when we analyze these arguments philosophically, we often find that the simple conventions of ordinary argument cannot be regarded as adequate.

Effects of War Presented in Journey’s End Compared with Impact of War Shown in Strange Meeting Essay

Explore the ways in which the effects of war on the individual are presented in ‘Journey’s End’. Then compare the ways in which Sherriff presents the effects of war on the individual with the ways in which Hill shows the impact of war on characters in ‘Strange Meeting’. The character most obviously affected by the war in ‘Journey’s End’ is Stanhope. We learn early on in the play that Stanhope drinks very heavily when Osborne and Hardy have a conversation about him. â€Å"I never did see a youngster put away the whisky he does. This is the first we see of the effects that the war has had on an individual and although there are other characters that are also affected, Stanhope appears to be the most prominent. It becomes apparent that Stanhope made a conscious decision to drink as a coping mechanism to deal with the war. â€Å"It was after I came back here- in that awful affair on Vimy Ridge. I knew I’d go mad if I didn’t break the strain. I couldn’t bear being fully conscious all the time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Here we learn that it wasn’t until a particular attack within the war that Stanhope began to feel the strain and the pressure, and alcohol becomes an escape for him. He says â€Å"There are only two ways of breaking the strain. One was pretending I was ill- and going home; the other was this. [He holds up his glass]†. Sherriff could have shown us a minor character so deeply affected by alcohol that he had given up, whereas Stanhope appears quite the opposite, whereas in ‘Strange Meeting’ Hill gives us a minor character affected by alcohol. It is also worth noting Raleigh’s reaction to his alcoholism is completely different to how Stanhope fears he will react, and in a way, our reaction too. Rather than look to Stanhope as a weak man who has taken the easy route by drinking excessive amounts, we seem to view him as courageous and strong willed. We later learn when he is talking to Hibbert, that Stanhope isn’t as strong and resistant as we were originally led to believe. â€Å"Sometimes I feel I could just lie down on this bed and pretend I was paralysed or something- and couldn’t move- and just lie there till I died- or was dragged away†. The effects of war on Stanhope are presented both subtly and obviously. His drinking habits are continually referred to throughout and although we learn early on that it is something that the war has forced him into, his hatred for the war or his weak moments aren’t made clear to the reader until now when he admits his loathing to Hibbert. Hill’s character, Colonel Garrett in ‘Strange Meeting’ is similar to Stanhope in the sense that both characters are driven to excessive drinking by the effects of the war. Colonel Garrett has changed and also turned to drink, we know this as the prose reads that â€Å"Hilliard was appalled; he had not dreamed that this could happen and so quickly to a man like Garrett†. Despite this scene being the first time we are introduced to Colonel Garrett; Hill manages to present the impact the war has had on him through Hilliard’s reaction to Garrett’s new state of character. In contrast to Hill, Sheriff is less subtle in his presentation of Stanhope and the character himself admits his change. It is interesting to note that Garrett is minor within the novel whereas Stanhope is a major character in the play which shows the different ways in which each author chose to present the effect of alcohol within their text. At the beginning of the play, Raleigh appears to be optimistic and enthusiastic. Even when he is ordered to go on a raid he seems proud to have been chosen and eager to get out there; â€Å"I say- it’s most frightfully exciting! † however, this raid then triggers a change in Raleigh. After Osborne’s death, Raleigh becomes distant and resentful towards the other officers. â€Å"Good god! Don’t you understand? How can I sit down and eat that- when- when Osborne’s- lying- out there†. Not only is he struggling to cope and raising his voice; which he hadn’t done before, but he is also shouting at Stanhope. Prior to this, Raleigh had always treated Stanhope with the utmost respect. Similar to Sheriff’s character of Raleigh is Hill’s character of Barton in ‘Strange Meeting’ who also changes after the impact of experiencing a death. â€Å"That his face had changed, in the space of a day and a night that his eyes have taken on the common look of shock and misery and exhaustion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As with Raleigh in ‘Journey’s End’, Barton also began the novel full of optimism and energy. However, Sheriff presents the effects of the war on Raleigh by having his character lashing out and blaming others. This contrasts with Hill’s presentation of Barton, who takes on a more morose, downhearted way of coping. â€Å"You cannot and must not spend any more time blaming yourself, saying if only this and if only that. It’s useless†. However, the parallel is that both characters change due to another soldier’s death which affects the impact on the reader. The effect of the war on Hibbert (Journey’s end), another officer in the company, is firstly presented subtly, in the way that he speaks of his neuralgia preventing him from carrying on in the war. We soon learn that he wants to go home and is willing to make up any excuse in order to do so. This shows how the war has taken away his pride and dignity as he admits that he would rather die. â€Å"Go on, then, shoot! You won’t let me go to hospital. I swear I’ll never go into those trenches again. Shoot! – and thank god-â€Å". The war has affected Hibbert so deeply that he is prepared to die rather than continue fighting. The character, Harris in ‘Strange Meeting’ is very similar to Hibbert. Harris has a breakdown when their battalion arrives at ‘Feuvry’; â€Å"Then Harris lurched up, and forwards, his head touched his knees and he began to cry, not lifting his hands to wipe his face†. However, where Sheriff presents us with a man so desperate to depart that he is willing to lie about an illness and is prepared to die rather than continue in the war, Hill presents us with an ironic situation. The irony of the situation is that when Harris eventually comes out of the basement; he is killed. Both writers choose to present us with individuals so affected by the war that they actually suffer from a breakdown in one way or another. Coulter from ‘Strange Meeting’ and Trotter from ‘Journey’s End’ can also be compared. These two characters are similar in the way that they don’t seem to have been affected by the war as they show no signs of degeneration. These two characters are an important contrast to the likes of Barton and Stanhope, whose changes are quite obvious. I feel that not to have changed notably is their response to the war. Coulter and Trotter both appear to be staying as close to their normal, original selves as possible as a coping mechanism for the war. It is interesting to note the genre difference between the two texts. Strange Meeting’ being a novel means that there is far more supportive background and descriptive text for each character whereas ‘Journey’s End’ which is a play, must rely on dramatic encounter in order to demonstrate the development of a character. A lot of things which Hill would tell us in her prose must be relayed to the reader through dialogue or actions in the play. Hill could tell us that Barton came to the war excited and enthusiastic, whereas Sherriff would either have his character say how he felt or the stage directions would have to navigate the actor into getting this feeling across through actions. This makes each author’s presentation of the effects of the war on the individual different automatically. Hill and Sherriff both present the effects that the war has on individuals through similar characters. They present to the reader how the death and destruction within the war can affect even the most strong and positive of men. In both the novel and the play, the authors portray how some men cannot cope with the imminence of what is to come and therefore would rather do anything but deal with it. Both writers examine how war can push men into drinking excessively in order to escape the desperate reality of their situation and use similar characters to highlight the ways in which war affects individuals, however the difference is in the way that the changes are presented. Hill is often more subtle in her presentation of her characters whereas Sherriff more blunt. Despite these differences, the negative effects of war on the individual characters are consistent in both works.

World Trade Orgtanization and the Ready Made Garment Industry of Bangladesh; a Critical Analysis

Assignment On WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND THE READY-MADE GARMENT INDUSTRY OF BANGLADESH: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS Submitted To: Professor Dr. Khondoker Bazlul Hoque Department of International Business University of Dhaka. Submitted By: Sheikh Rashedul Islam Student ID: 80116043 Subject: Theory & Practice of International Business Course No:EIB-510 MBA (Evening Program), Department of International Business University of Dhaka. Submission Date: January 6, 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am heartily thankful to the course teacher of Theory & Practice of International Business, Professor Dr. Khondoker Bazlul Hoque; whose encouragement, guidance and support from the initial stage to the final level enabled me to develop an understanding of the topic and prepare this assignment. I thank all of those who supported me in any respect during the completion of the assignment. Date:January 6, 2012 Table of Contents: Abstract:4 Introduction::5 Textile imports vs exports in Bangladesh6 Data & Simulations:7 Aggregation of GTAP database version 5_1:9 Ready made garments MFA export tax equivalent:9 Average import-weighed tariff in Bangladesh:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 RESULTS :12 Experiment 1: ABOLITION OF MFA QUOTAS:13 Conclusion:17 Reference:18 WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND THE READYMADE GARMENT INDUSTRY OF BANGLADESH: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ABSTRACT Since the 1980s the export oriented readymade garment (RMG) industry of Bangladesh has experienced an extraordinary evolution: This trend was accompanied by a tremendous rise in the export share from 0. 2% in 1980 to nearly 75% in 1997-98. High concentration on low value-added products, strong dependence on imported textiles and high regional concentration of exports characterize Bangladesh’s RMG sector. The main policy framework is given by the WTO’s Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) which follows the former Multifibre Arrangement (MFA). By 2005, the sector is to be fully integrated into GATT rules and existing quotas currently hampering trade will come to an end. Thus, it can be expected that worldwide trade in textile and clothing will expand and that production in now discriminated regions will increase. However, existing import tariffs for textiles, strongly supported by local textile producers, hinder the current RMG production in Bangladesh. In this paper we will discuss how future policy developments may affect the RMG sector of Bangladesh. For the analysis we used the comparative static general equilibrium model GTAP. In this model quotas resulting from the MFA agreement are included as export tax equivalents. Compared to China and India, Bangladesh has less restricted access to the most important markets the EU and USA. The experiments simulate a full phase-out of the MFA quotas, as well as a reduction of import tariffs in the textile and clothing sector. First results indicate an increase in RMG production in Bangladesh, but compared to China and particularly India growth rates are quite modest. It is shown that the effects resulting from textiles imports tariff reduction in Bangladesh itself are stronger than the MFA phase out. This demonstrates the importance of the existing tariff regime for textiles. Furthermore it can be shown that RMG imports from Bangladesh to NAFTA are reduced while China and especially India significantly expands their exports to this region. Although Bangladesh can augment its RMG exports on the second large market, the EU, again it looses in competitiveness against China and India. INTRODUCTION The export oriented readymade garment (RMG) industry of Bangladesh has experienced an extraordinary evolution: having started with 9 enterprises in the late seventies, the number has now grown to over 3000. This trend was accompanied by a tremendous rise in the export share from 0. 2% in 1980 to over 80% in 1998 (WTO, 2002 and figure 1). With a value of about 4 billion US$, the RMG industry has clearly become the dominant source for Bangladesh’s export earnings. Figure 1: Textile imports and RMG exports of Bangladesh Source: GTAP v5_1. However, Bangladesh’s RMG sector is characterized by some unfavourable circumstances: the sector highly depends on imported fabrics. In 115 out of 127 categories of fabrics the share of imports exceeds 70% (CPD, 1999). Figure 1 shows that over the years about half the export earnings were spent on textile imports. Since natural conditions in Bangladesh hardly allow for a huge expansion of cotton production, this problem will continue in the future. Additionally, the added value in the apparel sector is quite low. The sourcing of textiles for the Bangladesh RMG industry has changed dramatically over the last 20 years, as can be seen from figure 2. In the 1980s, the dominant suppliers were the high-income Asian countries, led by Japan with an import share of more than 40%, and followed by Korea with a share of about 10%. Until the mid 1990s, Korea had taken over the position of Japan as the leading source for textile imports, with a share of around 30%. Since then, India has expanded its textile imports into Bangladesh, and more recently China has started to assume an increasing importance. By 1998, 35% of textile imports were sourced from China and about 20% from India. Figure 2: Composition of textile imports of Bangladesh [pic] Source: GTAP v5_1. Note: Last figures for India are 1997 data. Figure 3: Bangladesh exports of clothing to USA and EU 1980-1998 (in billion US$) [pic] Source: GTAP v5_1. Bangladesh’s RMG sector is concentrated both in regards to export products and export markets: the concentration of products is much higher than for India and China, two important competitors on international markets, while 90% of Bangladesh RMG exports are going to two markets, the EU and the USA (see figure 3). The main policy framework is given by the WTO’s Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) which follows the former Multifibre Arrangement (MFA). By 2005, the sector is to be fully integrated into GATT rules and existing quotas currently hampering trade will come to an end. Bangladesh faces quota in two markets, the USA and Canada. Due to the Generalised System of Preference (GPS) the important EU market provides no quota restrictions for Bangladesh’s textile and clothing products. With respect to other competitors on this market like India and Sri Lanka this presents a comparative advantage. Nevertheless, some restrictions resulting from the Rules of Origin also apply for imports from Bangladesh. In the near future, the EU market for textile and clothing will not only be affected by changes in the ATC agreement, but by bilateral agreements connected to further enlargement processes of the EU as well as developments with regard to the EU? s specific regional preferences. This will particularly influence the market access of the Central and Eastern European countries and Turkey. In general, the abolition of textiles and clothing quotas will initiate an expanded worldwide trade and production in now discriminated regions. This of course will lead to country specific effects depending on regional idiosyncrasies. Concerning Bangladesh existing import tariffs for textiles, strongly supported by local textile producers, hinder the current RMG production in Bangladesh. In the recent past the pure existence as well as the rate of these tariffs has been under heavy discussion in Bangladesh (e. g. The Independent, 2002). Therefore, we will discuss how different future policy developments may affect the RMG sector of Bangladesh. This includes the changes in the global ATC agreement, further developments on the huge import market EU as well as changes in the national tariff regime of Bangladesh. DATA and SIMULATIONS The analysis was done using the comparative static general equilibrium model GTAP. Since the GTAP framework is well known and documented (see Hertel, 1997 and http://www. gtap. agecon. purdue. edu), we will not elaborate on its theoretical background here. However, it is important to note that import barriers resulting from the ATC agreement are calculated into tariff equivalents (see Francois & Spinanger, 2002 and table 2). For the experiments the GTAP database version 5. 1 was used, which contains 66 countries and 57 sectors. The selected aggregation can be obtained from 1. Table 1: Aggregation of GTAP database version 5_1 |Regions |Sectors | |Bangladesh |Rice paddy rice, processed rice | |China |Other Grains wheat, cereal grains | |(incl. HongKong) |Fibres plant-based fibres | |India |OthCrop oilseeds, sugar crops, other crops, vegetables, fruits and nuts | |High-income Asia (HincAsia) |Ofood raw milk, cattle, sheep, goats & horses, other animal products, vegetable oils and fats, | |Other Asia (OthAsia) |dairy products, bovine cattle, sheep & goat meat products, other meat products, wool, silk-worm | |USA |cocoons, beverages and tobacco products, food products | |Canada (CAN) |Extract fishing, forestry, coal, oil, minerals, gas | |Mexico & Central America |Tex textiles | |(CentrAm) |Wap wearing apparel | |European Union (EU) |Lea leather products | |Turkey |LabintMan motor vehicles & parts, chemicals, wood products, paper products, publishing, | |Central and Eastern Europe |petroleum, coal products, mineral roducts, metals, metal products, | |(CEEC) |CapIntMan transport equipment, electronic equipment, machinery & equipment, ferrous metals, other| |Rest of the World (ROW) |manufactures | | |Svces electricity, con struction, gas manufacture, trade, transport, distribution, water, | | |communication, financial services, insurance, business recreational services, public | | |administration & defence, education, health, dwellings | If exports are constrained under the MFA export quota regime, there are lower exports and higher prices than in a free-trade situation. The effects of this constraint can be measured in terms of an implicit export tax or tariff equivalent of the quota rent. Table 2 presents such estimates (from the GTAP v5_1 database) for the wearing apparel industry. [1] The table indicates that the Multi-Fibre-Agreement for wearing apparel is less restrictive for Bangladesh than it is for its main competitors China and India. Table 2: Ready made garments MFA export tax equivalent (million US$, 1997 and as % of domestic market value of exporting region)* ( from ( to |USA |Canada |EU |All |Total | | | | | |other countries | | |Bangladesh |103 |5 |80 |2 |190 | | |9% |9% |8% |5% |8% | | China (incl. HongKong) |1974 |166 |848 |72 |3059 | | |31% |34% |14% |2% |10% | |India |460 |46 |290 |12 |807 | | |52% |52% |18% |2% |24% | |High-income Asia |68 |4 |2 |0 |74 | |2% |2% |0% |0% |1% | |Other Asia |563 |29 |281 |8 |880 | | |10% |10% |7% |1% |7% | |Mexico & Central America |277 |3 |7 |0 |287 | | |3% |4% |5% |0% |3% | |Turkey |24 |1 |0 |0 |25 | | |5% |5% |0% |0% |1% | |Central and Eastern Europe |12 |1 |0 |0 |13 | | |5% |5% |0% |0% |0% | |All other countries |83 |3 |34 |1 |121 | | |2% |3% |0% |0% |1% | |Total |3563 |257 |1542 |94 |5457 | Source: GTAP v5_1. * Not all countries are facing quotas on each export market. The tariff equivalents described here result from the estimation of rents and thus include not only direct but also indirect effects originating from the ATC agreement. The estimated value of the export tax equivalent for Bangladesh is 190 million US$ in 1997, which amounts to 8% of the domestic value of total RMG exports. Exports to the North American markets from China and India apparently face higher quota restrictions, as the estimated ad-valorem tariff equivalent of the quota shows. For example, Indian exports to the USA would be more than 50% cheaper without the quota. The current RMG production in Bangladesh is affected not only by export measures but also by existing import tariffs. Although the country has xperienced some liberalization in the recent past, tariffs for intermediate inputs and especially textiles are high compared to other products entering Bangladesh (see table 3). In international comparison Bangladesh levies relatively high import taxes on its textile impor ts (table 4). Tariffs of more than 30% of the import value are not uncommon. On (trade-weighted) average, textile imports into Bangladesh face a tariff equivalent of 29%, which is three times as high as the world average. According to the GTAP database, the tariffs on textiles have contributed approximately 420 million US$ to tax revenues in Bangladesh. Table 3: Average import-weighed tariff in Bangladesh, fiscal year 1991-99 Import categories |1991 |1995 |1999 | |Intermediate inputs |24. 1 |26. 3 |21. 5 | |Capital goods |18. 7 |12. 5 |8. 57 | |Final consumer goods |47. 3 |26. 4 |11. 2 | |All imports |24. 1 |20. 8 |14. 68 | Source: WTO (2002) after NBR. Table 4: Ad valorem tariff equivalent for textiles (in %) |( from ( to |Bangladesh |Average all import destinations | |Bangladesh |n. a. |11 | |China (incl. HongKong) |36 |12 | |India |10 |10 | |High-income Asia |33 |18 | |Other Asia |20 |11 | |USA |32 |8 | |Canada |n. a. |2 | |Mexico & Central America |n. a. |8 |European Union |32 |5 | |Turkey |n. a. |12 | |Central and Eastern Europe |n. a. |10 | |Rest of the World |34 |10 | |Total |29 |10 | Note:Calculated from value of imports at domestic market prices over value of imports c. i. f. , GTAP v. 5_1. n. a. : not available or import flow negligible. Since the RMG sector of Bangladesh is restricted on the export side as well as on the imports the simulations analyzed in this paper include two experiments. Experiment 1 (EXP 1) focuses on the export market. It simulates firstly a complete phase-out of the ATC agreement and secondly specific relevant developments on the EU market such as the Eastern Enlargement and a preferential agreement with Turkey. Experiment 2 (EXP 2) additionally describes a reduction of import tariffs in the textile sector of Bangladesh by 20%. RESULTS Experiment 1: ABOLITION OF MFA QUOTAS What can be expected for Bangladesh if all quota restrictions on textiles and garments trade are abolished by December 31st, 2004, as foreseen in the ATC? The main competitors of Bangladesh’s RMG sector, located in India and China, are relatively more restricted by the ATC agreement than Bangladesh’s producers. On the North American markets, Mexico and Central American countries have increased their market positions over Bangladesh as a result of closer regional integration in the Americas. On the European markets, exports from Turkey and Central and Eastern European countries are competing with exports from Bangladesh. The Eastern enlargement and trade preferences for Turkey imply that the GSP (and Everything but Arms, EBA) preferences supporting Bangladesh on the EU market are losing their importance. In order to capture the latter issue we incorporated the enlargement of the EU as well as zero-tariff access to the EU for Turkish producers in our simulation. Table 5: The MFA abolition experiment | |(1) |(2) |(3) |(4) | | |Average export |Export volumes |Share world export |Share world export | | |price | |volumes 1997 |volumes post-MFA | |Bangladesh |-7% |0% |2% |2% | |China (incl. HongKong) |-11% |60% |24% |33% | |India |-21% |267% |3% |10% | |High-income Asia |-1% |-28% |5% |3% | |Other Asia |-6% |1% |10% |9% | |Mexico & Central America |-4% |-42% |7% |3% | |Turkey |1% |40% |3% |4% | |Central and Eastern Europe |1% |70% |5% |7% | Table 5 summarizes the effects of a MFA phase out on the RMG world market. Obviously, the highly quota constrained exporters from India and China are able to dramatically expand their exports. In the case of China, the model predicts a 60% increase in export volumes. However, exporters now face a price that is on average 11% lower. [2] For India the picture is even more impressive, as exports are simulated to expand by more than 260%, albeit at 20% lower prices. Bangladesh is simulated to maintain its export volumes, but would face a 7% lower price. Columns (3) and (4) in the table compare current world market shares in RMG with post-MFA shares. Clearly, China and India are increasing their world market shares. Table 6: MFA phase out: Effects on main markets, change in export volumes by source and destination (percentage change relative to base 1997) |( from ( to |USA |Canada |EU |of which EU preference | | | | | |effect | |Bangladesh |-21 |-33 |26 |-12 | |China (incl. HongKong) |199 |194 |67 |-19 | |India |752 |632 |80 |-19 | |High-income Asia |-51 |-59 |-30 |-12 | |Other Asia |-13 |-25 |23 |-16 | |Mexico & Central America |-44 |-50 |15 |-16 | |Turkey |-45 |-53 |72 |96 | |Central and Eastern Europe |-43 |-51 |81 |106 | Table 6 focuses on the main export markets. Obviously, Bangladesh is losing ground in North American markets, where China and India are out-competing all other suppliers, including Mexico and Central America. Only on the European market does Bangladesh have positive growth rates. The granting of preferences to suppliers from CEEC countries and from Turkey enables those regions to double their sales volumes to the EU, which leads to a diversion of imports from all other sources. Experiment 2: LOWER TEXTILE TARIFFS IN BANGLADESH. The phase-out of the MFA is an external event that Bangladesh producers and policymakers will have to deal with in some way, but on which they have little influence. In contrast, there are also a number of national policy instruments available that Bangladesh could use to further its RMG industry. One of these instruments is the lowering of import taxes on textiles. It has been seen in section 2 that import barriers on textiles – a vital input in RMG – are relatively high in Bangladesh. The tariffs lead to an average increase of the price of imported textiles by about 30%. Clearly, a lower tariff would reduce the cost of imported textiles to the Bangladesh RMG industry, and this will decrease production costs in the RMG sector. Table 7 reports the effects on RMG and textiles output in case of a unilateral 20% lowering of all import tariffs on textiles (i. e. rom average 29% to average 23%, but with variation according to source region). Table 7: Output changes in Bangladesh, percent changes relative to base | |MFA phase out |lower textile tariffs |MFA phase out + lower | | | | |textile tariffs | |Fibres |5. 1 |-0. 8 |4. 3 | |Textile s |6. 6 |-0. 7 |6. 0 | |Wearing apparel |0. 2 |7. 3 |7. 6 | Table 8: Decomposition of export growth effects Indicator | | |import price textiles |-4. 5% | |price domestic textiles |-0. 2% | |share of imports |0. 3% | |composite price textiles |-1. 5% | |average price other inputs |0. 5% |cost share textiles |0. 7% | |supply price RMG |-0. 9% | |elasticity of substitution domestic/foreign WAP at the importer side |8. 8 | |change in exports |7. 9% | While expansion of RMG production and exports under the MFA phase-out is rather limited, the unilateral reduction of textile import tariffs has notable positive effects on output and trade. In fact, the 20% tariff cut results in a simulated RMG output growth of more than 7%. Not surprisingly, this output effect turns out to be mainly export driven. The lower price for imported textiles in the wake of the tariff reduction drives down the price for textiles that the RMG industry in Bangladesh uses. Table 8 summarizes the important effects. The 4. 5% lower price for imported textiles is combined with a very slight drop of domestic textile prices to yield a drop of the composite textiles price by -1. 5%. Given the large 70% cost share of textiles in RMG production, the supply price of RMG products can drop by -0. 9%. This drop is sufficient to lead importers to substitute towards Bangladesh RMG products. The GTAP model has an Armington import structure with an elasticity of substitution between domestic and foreign RMG varieties equal to 8. for all importers such that the substitution effect alone results in an almost 8% rise of Bangladesh RMG exports. Since Bangladesh is a small player on global RMG markets (market share around 1%), global import levels are not affected by Bangladesh’s cheaper supplies. The conclusion from this exercise is that lowering tariffs on textile imports does indeed boost the competitiveness of the Bangladesh RMG industry. At the same time, the domestic textiles industry experiences some competition from abroad, resulting in lower domestic textile prices and a slight drop in output, but this is more than compensated by increased export earnings in the RMG industry. Figure 4: Welfare effects (equivalent variation, million 1997 US$) [pic] The equivalent variation welfare indicator in Figure 4 provides a summary of effects on the total economy. According to this welfare measure, the main beneficiary of the MFA phase-out is the USA. The importing regions Canada and the EU also benefit, as do India, China and Central and Eastern Europe and Turkey. The latter two regions mainly due to the EU-preference effect. This picture makes clear why not all countries always support the abolition of the MFA. For Bangladesh a slight negative welfare effect of the MFA phase can be observed. The unilateral reduction of textiles tariffs somewhat improves this outcome, but is insufficient to tip the balance. Table 9: Welfare analysis: allocative and terms-of-trade effects, million US$ |MFA phase out |MFA phase out and lower Bangladesh | | | |textile tariffs | | |allocative |terms-of-trade |allocative effects|terms-of-trade | | |effects |effects | |effects | |Bangladesh |-11 |-180 |52 |-338 | |China |3108 |-4676 |3107 |-2715 | |India |2063 |-1806 |2061 |-393 | |High-income Asia |-131 |-168 |-131 |-501 | |Other Asia |74 |-853 |73 |-1348 | |USA |1765 |6350 |1767 |5127 | |Canada |421 |423 |422 |390 | |Mexico & Central America |-211 |-217 |-211 |-1178 | |European Union |707 |50 |716 |16 | |Turkey |163 72 |162 |659 | |Central and Eastern Europe |438 |96 |437 |1286 | |ROW |-387 |-62 |-387 |-981 | Table 9 explains the reason for this negative outcome. The terms of trade for Bangladesh – and indeed for all the quota-restricted exporters – are negatively affected as world prices for garments drop. In contrast to, for example, India, the terms-of trade loss is not compensated by allocative gains in Bangladesh. Closer inspection of the underlying data shows that the negative allocative result in the MFA phase-out scenario is mainly due to the expansion of the domestic textiles industry which is currently subsidized. Expansion of a subsidized activity receives a negative welfare evaluation, because it pulls resources into an activity that could be more effectively used elsewhere in the economy. With lower textiles tariffs, the domestic textiles industry shrinks somewhat and the negative allocative effect is turned in to an allocative gain, as less subsidization is required. CONCLUSIONS The phase out of the MFA changes global patterns of trade. India and China are the biggest winners in terms of output and export growth. In terms of welfare, the importing countries gain most, as the import prices drop. At the same time, this means terms of trade loss for exporters. Bangladesh can only mildly benefit from the MFA phase-out, and loses ground on North American markets. Since the EU grants preferences to CEECs and Turkey, Bangladesh exporters face increasing competition on the EU market. On balance output volumes are expected to be unchanged from Bangladesh, implying a drop in market share in the expanding RMG market. A counteracting policy option for Bangladesh is the unilateral lowering of import tariffs on textiles. This reduces costs to the RMG industry and improves exports through lower supply prices. Macro-economically, increased export revenues easily compensate the loss in tariff revenues. Reference: Source: Office of Textiles and Apparel, United States Department of Commerce. Abbreviations: MMF: man-made fibre; S/V: silk and vegetable; MB: man and boy; WG: woman and girl. ———————– [1]